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81.
Gini coefficient is among the most popular and widely used measures of income inequality in economic studies, with various extensions and applications in finance and other related areas. This paper studies confidence intervals on the Gini coefficient for simple random samples, using normal approximation, bootstrap percentile, bootstrap-t and the empirical likelihood method. Through both theory and simulation studies it is shown that the intervals based on normal or bootstrap approximation are less satisfactory for samples of small or moderate size than the bootstrap-calibrated empirical likelihood ratio confidence intervals which perform well for all sample sizes. Results for stratified random sampling are also presented. 相似文献
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83.
We consider the possibility for an insurance company to rely on capital injections to bring the reserve back to a given level if it has fallen below it and study the problem of dynamically choosing the reinsurance level and the investment in the financial market in order to minimize the expected discounted total amount of capital injection. The reserve process is described by a piecewise deterministic process, where the random discontinuities are triggered by the arrival of a claim or by a change in the prices of the risky assets in which the company invests. The capital injections, combined with the specific model, make the problem non-linear and difficult to solve via an HJB approach. The emphasis here is on making the actual computation of a solution possible by value iteration combined with an approximation based on discretization. This leads to a nearly optimal solution with an approximation that can be made arbitrarily precise. Numerical results show the feasibility of the proposed approach. 相似文献
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85.
Hany Osman Kudret Demirli 《International Journal of Production Economics》2012,136(2):275-286
The economic lot and delivery scheduling problem for a multi-stage supply chain comprising multiple items is studied in this paper. It is required to develop a synchronized replenishment strategy, and specify the sequence of production and the replenishment cycle time that achieves synchronization through the supply chain at minimum cost. The problem is presented in a novel formulation based on the quadratic assignment representation. The common cycle time and the integer multipliers policies are adopted to accomplish the desired synchronization. The two policies are represented by nonlinear models handled through a hybrid algorithm. The algorithm combines linearization, outer approximation and Benders decomposition techniques. Results of the two policies demonstrate that a cost reduction up to16.3% can be attained by employing the integer multipliers policy instead of the common cycle time. Computational experiments show the efficiency of the new formulation and solution algorithm by reaching the optimal solution for large problem instances in short time. 相似文献
86.
In this paper, we investigate Gaussian risk models which include financial elements, such as inflation and interest rates. For some general models for inflation and interest rates, we obtain an asymptotic expansion of the finite-time ruin probability for Gaussian risk models. Furthermore, we derive an approximation of the conditional ruin time by an exponential random variable as the initial capital tends to infinity. 相似文献
87.
We develop a singular stochastic control model for pricing variable annuities with the guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit. This benefit promises to return the entire initial investment, with withdrawals spread over the term of the contract, irrespective of the market performance of the underlying asset portfolio. A contractual withdrawal rate is set and no penalty is imposed when the policyholder chooses to withdraw at or below this rate. Subject to a penalty fee, the policyholder is allowed to withdraw at a rate higher than the contractual withdrawal rate or surrender the policy instantaneously. We explore the optimal withdrawal strategy adopted by the rational policyholder that maximizes the expected discounted value of the cash flows generated from holding this variable annuity policy. An efficient finite difference algorithm using the penalty approximation approach is proposed for solving the singular stochastic control model. Optimal withdrawal policies of the holders of the variable annuities with the guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit are explored. We also construct discrete pricing formulation that models withdrawals on discrete dates. Our numerical tests show that the solution values from the discrete model converge to those of the continuous model. 相似文献
88.
Johannes Vitalis Siven Jeffrey Todd Lins Anna Szymkowiak-Have 《Finance Research Letters》2009,6(2):95-105
The Value-at-Risk of a delta–gamma approximated derivatives portfolio can be computed by numerical integration of the characteristic function. However, while the choice of parameters in any numerical integration scheme is paramount, in practice it often relies on ad hoc procedures of trial and error. For normal and multivariate t-distributed risk factors, we show how to calculate the necessary parameters for one particular integration scheme as a function of the data (the distribution of risk factors, and delta and gamma) in order to satisfy a given error tolerance. This allows for implementation in a fully automated risk management system. We also demonstrate in simulations that the method is significantly faster than the Monte Carlo method, for a given error tolerance. 相似文献
89.
George W. Kutner 《The Financial Review》1998,33(1):119-130
This paper describes an efficient numerical procedure which may be used to determine implied volatilities for American options using the quadratic approximation method. Simulation results are presented. The procedure usually converges in five or six iterations with extreme accuracy under a wide variety of option market conditions. A comparison of American implied volatilities with European model implied volatilities indicates that significant differences may arise. This suggests that reliance on European model volatilities estimates may lead to significant pricing errors. 相似文献
90.
本文针对目前频率规划中存在的问题,提出了利用专家系统和改进遗传算法及分层技术等来克服手工频率规划过于烦琐和电子地图要求极高及频带紧张的障碍,从而在缺少准确电子地图的情况下,借助专家的经验和知识同时利用改进的优化算法亦能给出较准确的频率规划方案。同时提出了改进的模糊似然推理方法。此外我们开发了智能多层频率规划CAD软件包,并给出仿真结果。 相似文献